Week 2 - 3

A. Verb Tenses : Present Perfect

How and when to use the Present Perfect Tense?

This tense is called the present perfect tense. There is always a connection with the past and with the present and its use is based on whether it deals with a finished or unfinished action and whether the time in the past is specified or not.

1. Unfinished Actions

We use this tense when we want to talk about unfinished actions that started in the past and continue to the present. Usually we use it to say 'how long' an action or state has continued with 'since' and 'for'

• I have known Karen since 1994
• I have lived here for more than 10 years

2. Completed Actions without a specific time I've gone there already I've seen it

a: Life experience (we don't say when the experience happened, just sometime in the past) I have been to Tokyo. She has lived in Germany. They have visited Paris three times. We have never seen that film. Have you ever read 'War and Peace'?

b: A finished action with a result in the present (focus on result) I've lost my keys (so I can't get into my house). She's hurt her leg (so she can't play tennis today). They've missed the bus (so they will be late). I've cooked dinner (so you should come and eat).

c: With an unfinished time word (this month, this week, today, in the last year) I have not gone to that restaurant yet. She's drunk three cups of coffee today. This week, they've gone skiing three times already.

Note: We can't use the present perfect with a finished time word:

• I've seen him yesterday.

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B. Exercises: Past Simple or Present Perfect

1)Change the verb into the correct form of the past simple or present perfect

1) Last night I  (lose) my keys – I had to call my flatmate to let me in.. 2) I  (lose) my keys - can you help me look for them?. 3) I  (visit) Paris three times.. 4) Last year I  (visit) Paris.. 5) I  (know) my great grandmother for a few years - she died when I was eight... 6) I  (know) Julie for three years - we still meet once a month... 7) I  (play) Hockey since I was a child - I'm pretty good!.. 8) She  (play) hockey at school but she didn't like it.. 9) Sorry, I  (miss) the bus - I'm going to be late.. 10) I  (miss) the bus and then I  (miss) the aeroplane as well!... 11) Last month I  (go) to Scotland.. 12) I'm sorry, John isn't here now. He  (go) to the shops.. 13) We  (finish) this room last week.. 14) I  (finish) my exams finally - I'm so happy!.. 15) Yesterday, I  (go) to the library, the post office and the supermarket... 16) I  (go) to the supermarket three times this week.. 17) She  (live) in London since 1994.. 18) She  (live) in London when she was a child.. 19) I  (drink) three cups of coffee today.. 20) I  (drink) three cups of coffee yesterday..

2) Choose the past simple or the present perfect tense:

1) I  (never/go) to Vienna.. 2) My great great grandfather  (have) five sisters.. 3) He  (live) in Manila for a year when he was a student.. 4) Oh no! I  (lose) my wallet!.. 5)  (you/see) Julie today??. 6) At the weekend, they  (play) football, then they  (go) to a restaurant... 7) I  (read) six books this week.. 8) Amy  (live) in Portugal when she was young.. 9) She  (visit) her grandmother last month.. 10) The Vandals  (invade) Rome in the year 455.. 11) She  (live) in seven different countries, so she knows a lot about different cultures.. 12) I  (go) to the cinema last night.. 13) Ow! I  (cut) my finger!.. 14)  (you/see) 'The King's Speech'?. 15) John  (never/understand) the present perfect.. 16) She  (break) her leg the day before her exam.. 17) We  (see) Oliver yesterday.. 18) He  (be) here all morning.. 19) King Henry the Eighth of England  (have) six wives. C. Have you learned this yet? The uses of YET, ALREADY and STILL Open the following link and we'll go over the main uses of these adverbs: http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/grammarchallenge/pdfs/gc_31_still_yet_already_explanation.pdf Here is a short multiple choice quiz to evaluate your knowledge about these adverbs: 1: I haven't _____ done my homework  still yet again 2: Although he treated her badly, she ______ loves him.  still yet again 3: I only arrived here last week, and I haven't _____ met all the people.  still yet always 4: He told me once, then he told me the same thing ______ .  still already again 5: I've been trying this for hours, and I _____ can't get the right answers.  still yet again 6: Have you ______ not found out how to do it?  still yet already D. Tell me something about yourself... List 3 beautiful/exotic places (countries, cities, regions, etc) that you want to visit but that you haven't yet (hint: use yet) List 3 memorable activities that you have done in the past (hint: use already) List 3 things that you plan to do but that you may not have started or you may have started but not finished (hint: use still)

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E. Additional Exercises

Go over the following exercises and note the answers for all of the questions. We'll go over the questions in class

http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/grammarchallenge/pdfs/gc_31_still_yet_already_quizzes.pdf

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F. What the following video and note the following:

1. Can you name all of the things that the main character learned to do? 
2. Have you already done any of them? All of them? Not yet? Would you like to?

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G. Worried That People Are Laughing at You?

When answering the following questions, reference the chart below of emotion related adjectives

1. What is going on in this video? Who started laughing first?
2. Are people near the person laughing afraid that they may be laughing at them? What do their facial expressions convey?
3. What happens after a minute? What are the changes?
4. How do new subway passengers getting into the subway react to the scene? What does the guy with a hat react at first? What does he do?
5. Has this ever happened to you? Are you afraid of people laughing around you when you don't  know why they are laughing?  What do you do when you find yourself in a similar situation? What have you done in the past?

Feelings - negative	Feelings - neutral	Feelings - positive
afraid angry annoyed anxious arrogant ashamed awful bad bored  concerned confused hungry hurt ill jealous mad  nervous scared shy sleepy sore terrible tired upset worried	calm  indifferent fair fine OK	charming cheerful comfortable energetic enthusiastic excited friendly funny  good happy healthy helpful hilarious jolly kind lovely wonderful

Click on the following link to do a worksheet on human feelings: http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.

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H. Adverbs of Frequency

With the present simple, we often use adverbs of frequency to say 'how often' we do something. Here's a list of common adverbs:

• always
• frequently
• generally
• hardly ever
• infrequently
• never
• normally
• occasionally
• often
• rarely
• regularly
• seldom
• sometimes
• usually

We usually put these adverbs in the middle of the sentence, between the subject and the verb:

• I often go to the cinema.
• She sometimes visits me at home.
• We usually drink coffee.

We can also put them at the very beginning or end of the sentence. This makes them stronger:

• Often I go to the cinema.
• I go to the cinema often.
• But never: I go often to the cinema.

Here are some other expressions we can use to say 'how often'. All of these longer phrases go at the beginning or the end of the sentence but not in the middle.

• once in a while: I go to the cinema once in a while.
• every now and again: She drinks wine every now and again.
• from time to time: From time to time I visit my mother.

To say how often something happens, you can use a number or 'several' or 'many', followed by 'times'.( If the number is one, use 'once' instead of 'one time'. If the number is two use 'twice,' instead of 'two times') Then add 'a' and a period of time:

• I go to the cinema twice a week.
• She takes these tablets three times a day.
• I change the sheets once a fortnight (fortnight = two weeks).
• I meet him several times a year.
• I visit my parents once a month.

We can also use 'every' + period of time:

• every morning
• every day
• every Tuesday
• every week
• every month

A day of the week with 's' at the end (for example 'on Tuesdays') means the same as 'every Tuesday':

• I take a dance class on Wednesdays.
• I relax on Saturdays.

Now, let's test your knowledge of the use of adverbs of frequency

Instructions: Insert an adverb of frequency into each sentence. Choose from the following list:

always, almost always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, rarely, almost never or never.

                                    often

Example:         My father _^ goes on business trips.

                                     

 1. I come to Montpellier by bus.

 2. I hike outside of Montpellier.

 3. My parents allow me to stay up until very late hours.

 4. I eat sushi for diner.

 5. I eat out at a restaurant with my girlfriend.

 6. I read a novel during the week.

 7. I watch the news in English.

 8. I read articles in English on the web.

 9. My dad tells me funny stories.

10. My professors in High School were very nice to me.

11. I used to arrive to work to school.

12. I used to wear shorts to school.

13. I skip breakfast.

14. I can't sleep at night.

15. I buy clothing, books or furniture online.

16. I watch football matches during the weekend.

17. I go out dancing on the weekends.

18. I like to listen to music very loud.

19. I go on trips on the weekend.

20. I cook a vegetarian meal at home.

21. I buy lottery tickets.

22. I am tired at 9pm.

23. I think about living abroad.

24. My street is noisy.

25. I give money to people who beg on the street.

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D. English Conditionals

Conditional Sentence Type 1

→ It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled.

Form: if + Simple Present, will-Future

Example: If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation.

Conditional Sentence Type 2

→ It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled. Conditional Sentences Type II refer to situations in the present. An action could happen if the present situation were different. I don't really expect the situation to change, however. I just imagine „what would happen if …“

Were instead of Was

In IF Clauses Type II, we usually use ‚were‘ – even if the pronoun is I, he, she or it –.

Example: If I were you, I would not do this.

Form: if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)

Example: If I had more money, I wouldn't live here.

Conditional Sentence Type 3

→ It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past. An action could have happened in the past if a certain condition had been fulfilled. Things were different then, however. We just imagine, what would have happened if the situation had been fulfilled

Form: if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have + Past Participle)

Example: If I had taken that job, I would have made a lot of money.

Conditional Sentences Type I

Complete the Conditional Sentences Type I.

• If you (go)  out with your friends tonight, I (watch)  the football match on TV.
• I (earn)  a lot of money if I (get)  that job.
• If she (hurry / not) , we (miss)  the bus.

Conditional Sentences Type II

Complete the Conditional Sentences Type II.

• If he (try)  harder, he (reach)  his goals.
• I (buy)  these shoes if they (fit) .
• It (surprise / not)  me if he (know / not)  the answer.

Conditional Sentences Type III

Complete the Conditional Sentences Type III.

• If we (listen)  to the radio, we (hear)  the news.
• If you (switch)  on the lights, you (fall / not)  over the chair.
• She (come)  to our party if she (be / not)  on holiday.

Conditional Sentences Type I, II or III

Complete the Conditional Sentences with the correct form (Type I, II or III).

• If I amwill bewerehad beenwould bewould have been stronger, I'd help you carry the piano.
• If we'd seen you, we stopwill stopstoppedhad stoppedwould stopwould have stopped.
• If we meetwill meetmethad metwould meetwould have met him tomorrow, we'll say hello.
• He would have repaired the car himself if he haswill havehadhad hadwould havewould have had the tools.
• If you drop the vase, it breakswill breakbrokehad brokenwould breakwould have broken.
• If I hadn't studied, I do not passwill not passdid not passhad not passedwould not passwould not have passed the exam.
• I wouldn't go to school by bus if I havewill havehadhad hadwould havewould have had a driving licence.
• If she doesn't seewon't seehadn't seendidn't seewouldn't seewouldn't have seen him every day, she'd be lovesick.
• I don't travelwon't traveldidn't travelhadn't travelledwouldn't travelwouldn't have travelled to London if I don't get a cheap flight.
• We'd be stupid if we tellwill telltoldhad toldwould tellwould have told him about our secret.

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E. What would you do if you were elected Minister of Youth...

Your campaign manager is asking you to come up with ideas in the following topics:

• Social Activities
• Education
• Food
• Music

Write 2 sentences for each of the topics above describing what you would do if you were elected Minister of the Youth.  Remember to use the Conditional Type II sentence structure to express your plans.  Pressure is on, people want to hear your ideas Miss candidate!